PRIONS
|
| Creutzfeldt-Jakob agent |
|
Neurodegenerative diseases |
VIRUSES
|
DNA Viruses
|
| Adenoviridae |
Adenovirus |
ARI, diarrhea, ocular diseases, cystitis |
| Hepadnaviridae |
Hepatitis B virus |
Hepatitis (chronic); liver cancer |
| Herpesviridae |
Herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2 |
Vesicular lesions on skin and mucous membranes, encephalitis, (hepatitis) |
|
Varicella-zoster virus |
Varicella; zoster |
|
Cytomegalovirus |
Mononucleosis; congenital disease |
|
Human herpesviruses 6, 7, 8 |
Febrile seizures, exanthema subitum, encephalitis in ICH |
|
Epstein-Barr virus |
Infectious mononucleosis |
| Papillomaviridae |
Human papillomaviruses |
Benign (papillomas, warts) and malignant tumours of skin and mucous membranes |
| Parvoviridae |
Human parvovirus B19 |
Erythema infectiosum, hydrops foetalis, aplastic anemia |
| Polyomaviridae |
BK virus, JC virus, SV40 |
CNS-infections in ICH |
| Poxviridae |
Vaccinia virus |
Smallpox |
|
Monkeypox virus |
Monkeypox |
|
Cowpox virus |
Cowpox |
|
Molluscum contagiosum virus |
Warts |
RNA Viruses |
| Arenaviridae |
Lassa fever virus |
Lassa fever, lymphocytic choriomeningitis, hemorrhagic fevers |
| Astroviridae |
Astrovirus |
Gastroenteritis |
| Caliciviridae |
Norwalk viruses |
Gastroenteritis |
| Coronaviridae |
Human epidemic coronaviruses (OC43; 229E;) |
ARI |
|
SARS-CoV |
Severe acute respiratory syndrome |
|
MERS CoV |
Middle East respiratory syndrome |
|
SARS-CoV2 |
ARI; MSID, long COVID |
| Filoviridae |
Ebolavirus |
Haemorrhagic fever |
| Flaviviridae |
Flavivirus |
Haemorrhagic fever; CNS diseases |
| Mosquito-borne |
Japanese Encephalitis virus |
Encephalitis, meningitis, meningoencephalitis |
|
Yellow fever virus |
Fever, headache, severe hepatitis, coagulopathy, muscle pain |
|
Dengue viruses |
High fever, pain behind eyes, rash |
|
West Nile virus, Kunjin virus |
Encephalitis, meningitis, meningoencephalitis |
|
Murray-Valley-Encephalitis virus |
Encephalitis, meningitis, meningoencephalitis |
|
Saint Luis-Encephalitis virus |
Encephalitis, meningitis, meningoencephalitis |
|
Zika virus |
Zika fever; congenital malformations, GBS |
| Tick-borne |
Tick-borne encephalitis viruses |
Tick-borne encephalitis |
|
Omsk Hemorrhagic fever virus |
Hemorrgagic fever |
|
Langat virus |
Rare: CNS-disease |
|
Kyasanur Forest-Disease virus |
Hemorrhagic fever, heart failure |
|
Powassan virus |
Encephalitis, meningitis |
| Others |
Hepatitis C virus |
Chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, liver cancer |
| Orthomyxoviridae |
Influenzavirus A,B,C |
Influenza (ARI) |
| Respirovirus |
Parainfluenza viruses |
ARI |
| Rubulavirus |
Mumps virus |
Mumps, orchitis, meningitis, encephalitis |
| Parainfluenza viruses
|
ARI |
| Morbillivirus |
Measles virus |
Severe systemic infection with rash (encephalitis, pneumonia, otitis media) |
| Pneumonvirus |
Respiratory syncytial virus |
ARI, LRT, (bronchiolitis in infants) |
| Metapneumovirus |
Human metapneumoviruses |
ARI |
| Picornaviridae |
|
|
| Enterovirus |
Polioviruses |
Flaccid paralysis |
|
Coxsackie A and B viruses |
ARI, CNS-diseases, pericarditis, endocarditis |
|
Echoviruses |
ARI, CNS diseases, myocarditis, exanthemas |
|
Enteroviruses |
HFMD (A 71) CNS diseases, myocarditis |
| Hepatovirus |
Hepatitis A virus |
Acute hepatitis |
| Rhinovirus |
Common cold viruses |
Common Cold |
| Reoviridae |
Colorado tick fever virus |
Biphasic fever, severe weakness |
| Human rotaviruses |
Severe diarrhea (infants and young children) |
| Retroviridae |
Human T-lymphotropic viruses 1 and 2 (HTLV 1 and 2) |
T-cell leukemia/lymphoma |
| Human immunodeficiency viruses 1 and 2 (HIV 1 and 2) |
AIDS |
| Rhabdoviridae |
Rabies virus |
100% fatal encephalitis |
| Vesicular stomatitis virus |
Acute influenza-like illness |
| Togaviridae |
Group A arboviruses, |
Rapid onset, high fever, tremors, seizures, paralysis, coma, death. |
| Equine encephalitis viruses |
Encephalitis, meningitis, meningoencephalitis |
| Rubivirus |
Rubella virus |
Rubella |
Unclassified Human Viruses |
| Hepatitis D virus |
|
Co-infection with hepatitis B virus |
| Hepatitis E virus |
|
Hepatitis |
BACTERIA
|
| Aerobic and Facultative Bacteria |
| GRAM-POSITIVE COCCI |
| Catalase-Positive |
Staphylococcus aureus |
Impetigo, cellulitis, folliculitis, abscess, nosocomial infections: septicemia, pneumonia, meningitis |
|
Staphylococcus epidermidis |
Nosocomial infections, meningitis |
| Catalase-Negative |
Enterococcus faecalis |
Urinary tract infections, endocarditis, bacteremia, and wound infections |
| Enterococcus faecium |
Urinary tract infections, endocarditis, bacteremia, and wound infections |
| Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B) |
Wound infection, meningitis, septicemia |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae |
Pneumonia, otitis media, bacteremia, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, meningitis |
| Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A) |
Pharyngitis, scarlet fever, impetigo, necrotizing fasciitis, cellulitis, toxic shock syndrome |
| Viridans group streptococci |
Septicemia, pneumonia in ICH and neonates |
| GRAM-NEGATIVE COCCI |
| Moraxella catarrhalis |
|
Otitis media, COPD exacerbations, rhinosinusitis |
| Neisseria gonorrhoeae |
|
STD with urethritis, arthritis, others |
| Neisseria meningitidis |
|
Meningitis, septicemia, pneumonia, septic arthritis, pericarditis, urethritis |
| GRAM-POSITIVE BACILLI |
| Bacillus anthracis |
|
Painless ulcers with black center following small blisters or bumps |
| Corynebacterium diphtheriae |
|
ARI, pharyngitis, toxin induced myocarditis, nephritis, others |
| Listeria monocytogenes |
|
Hepatitis, enpcehalitis, others |
| Mycobacterium avium |
|
Lung disease in ICH |
| Mycobacterium leprae |
|
Chronic infections of nerves, skin, eyes, nasal mucosa |
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
|
Lung infection, spread to any other organ |
| GRAM-NEGATIVE BACILLI |
| Enterobacteriaceae |
Citrobacter species |
Nosocomial infections |
|
Enterobacter aerogenes |
Nosocomial infections: UTIs, skin / soft tissue, respiratory, endocarditis and more |
|
Escherichia coli |
UTI, septicemia in neonates, nosocomial infections |
|
Klebsiella oxytoca |
Nosocomial infections |
|
Proteus mirabilis |
Nosocomial infections |
|
Salmonella Choleraesuis |
Diarrhea, septicemic disease |
|
Salmonella Pararyphi A |
Enteric fever |
|
Salmonella Pararyphi B |
Enteric fever |
|
Salmonella Typhi |
Enteric fever |
|
Shigella dysenteriae |
Diarrhea |
|
Yersinia enterocolitica |
Bloody diarrhea |
|
Yersinia pestis |
Lymphadenitis, septicemia, pneumonia |
| Nonenterobacteriaceae - Fermentative Bacilli |
| Vibrio cholerae |
|
Diarrhea |
| Nonenterobacteriaceae - Nonfermentative Bacilli |
| Burkholderia cepacia |
|
Pneumonia in CF and ICH |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa |
|
Nosocomial infections, pneumonia in ICH, dermatitis, soft tissue infections, bacteremia, bone and joint infections |
| Stenotrophomonas maltophilia |
|
Nosocomial infections, pneumonia in ICH |
| OTHER GRAM-NEGATIVE |
| Bartonella bacilliformis |
|
Lymphadenitis |
| Brucella species |
|
Recurrent fevers, arthritis |
| Bordetella pertussis |
|
Whooping cough |
| Campylobacter fetus |
|
Septicemia, arthritis, endocarditis, abortion |
| Campylobacter jejuni |
|
Campylobacteriosis (diarrhea, fever, stomach cramps) |
| Chlamydia pneumoniae |
|
ARI, pneumonia |
| Chlamydia psittaci |
|
ARI, pneumonia |
| Chlamydia trachomatis |
|
Pelvic inflammatory disease, genital infection, pneumonia in infants |
| Haemophilus influenzae |
|
Meningitis, septicemia, epiglottitis |
| Helicobacter pylori |
|
Peptic ulcer disease, gastritis, stomach cancer |
| Legionella pneumophila |
|
ARI, pneumonia |
| Rickettsia rickettsii |
|
Rash |
| Streptobacillus moniliformis |
|
Rash on hands and feet |
| MYCOPLASMAS |
| Mycoplasma pneumoniae |
|
Tracheobronchitis, cold agglutinin-positive pneumonia |
| TREPONEMATACEAE (SPIRAL ORGANISMS) |
| Borrelia burgdorferi |
|
Lyme disease (skin, joints, CNS, heart) |
| Treponema pallidum |
|
Chronic STD, can affect any organ |
| Anaerobic Bacteria |
| GRAM-NEGATIVE BACILLI |
| Bacteroides fragilis group |
|
Nosocomial infections, bacteremia, intra-abdominal infections, peritonitis |
| Fusobacterium species |
|
Tonsillitis, peritonsillar abscess, thrombophlebitis of the jugular vein (Lemierre syndrome) |
| GRAM-NEGATIVE COCCI |
| Veillonella parvula |
|
Rare: meningitis, osteomyelitis, bacteremia, others |
| NON-SPORE-FORMING GRAM-POSITIVE BACILLI |
| Actinomyces israelii |
|
Draining lesions in various organs (lung, gums, gut, ...) |
| SPORE-FORMING GRAM-POSITIVE BACILLI |
| Clostridium botulinum |
|
Toxin-mediated food poisoning (adult / infant forms) |
| Clostridium difficile |
|
Severe diarrhea and colitis |
| Clostridium perfringens |
|
Food poisoning |
| Clostridium tetani |
|
Seizures, encphehalitis |
FUNGI
|
| DERMATOPHYTES |
| Epidermophyton |
|
Skin infections |
| Microsporum |
|
Skin infections |
| Trichophyton |
|
Skin infections |
| YEASTS AND YEAST-LIKE FUNGI |
| Candida albicans |
|
Thrush, nosocomial infections |
| Cryptococcus neoformans |
|
CNS-infections, fungemia (ICH) |
| Malasseiza species |
|
Nosocomial fungemia |
| Pneumocystis jiroveci |
|
Pneumonia in ICH |
| Trichosporon species |
|
White piedra (hair shaft infection), hypersensitivity pneumonia, dissemination in ICH |
| DIMORPHIC FUNGI |
| Blastomyces dermalitidis |
|
Lung infections, dissemination in ICH |
| Coccidioides immitis |
|
Lung infections, dissemination in ICH |
| Histoplasma capsulatum |
|
Lung infections potentially disseminating |
| Paracoccidioides brasiliensis |
|
Lung infection, potentially dissemination |
| Talaromyces (formerly: Penicillium) marneffei |
|
Talaromycosis: mostly in ICH: skin bumps, ARI, diarrhea |
| Sporothrix schenckii |
|
Skin-, lung-, disseminated infections in ICH |
| HYALINE MOLDS |
| Aspergillus famigatus |
|
Invasive disease in ICH/nosocomial infection |
| ZYGOMYCETES |
| Mucor species |
|
Skin-infections; respiratory infection in ICH |
| Rhizopus species |
|
As with mucormycosis; invasive CNS-diseases |
PARASITES
|
| PROTOZOA |
| Amebae |
Entamoeba histolytica |
Dysentery, colitis, perianal ulcers |
| Ciliates |
Balantidium coli |
Diarrhea |
| Flagellates |
Giardia lamblia |
Diarrhea, acute cholecystitis |
| Leishmania |
Splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, bleeding, decrease production of RBC |
| Trichomonas vaginalis |
STD: uretjritis, vaginitis |
| Trypanosoma |
Sleeping sickness |
| Sporozoa |
Babesia species |
Fever with parasitemia |
| Cryptosporidium |
Diarrhea |
| Cyclospora cayetanensis |
Diarrhea |
| Cystoisospora |
Diarrhea |
| Plasmodium spp. |
Malaria |
| Toxoplasma gondii |
Mononucleosis-like disease; CNS-infection in ICH, congenital disease |
| Uncertain Classification |
| Blastocystis hominis |
HELMINTHS (WORMS)
|
| Cestodes |
Diphyllobothrium |
Intestinal obstruction |
| Echinococcus |
Cystic/alveolar organ infiltration |
| Taenia |
Cysts in CNS, muscels, eyes |
| Nematodes |
Ancylostoma |
Anemia, various complications |
| Ascaris lumbricoides |
Abdominal cramps |
| Enterobius vermicularis |
Anal itching |
| Strongyloide |
Abdominal, respiratory, skin symptoms; rare: hyperinfection syndrome |
| Thelazia species |
Eye infection |
| Toxocara species |
Visceral or ocular manifestations |
| Trichinella |
Trichinellosis: abdominal symptoms, organ infiltration with hypersensitivity symptoms |
| Trematodes |
Clonorchis |
Liver / gallbladder infection; |
| Schistosoma |
Liver fibrosis or bladder cancer |